Introduction: Traffic accidents are the 8th cause of mortality in different countries and are expected to rise to the 3rd rank by 2020. Based on the Haddon Matrix numerous factors such as environment, host, and agent can affect the severity of traffic-related traumas. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effective factors in severity of these traumas based on Haddon Matrix.Methods: In the present 1-month cross-sectional study, all the patients injured in traffic accidents, who were referred to the ED of Imam Khomeini and Golestan Hospitals, Ahvaz, Iran, during March 2013 were evaluated. Based on the Haddon Matrix, effective factors in accident occurrence were defined in 3 groups of host, agent, and environment. Demographic data of the patients and data regarding Haddon risk factors were extracted and analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results: 700 injured people with the mean age of 29.66±12.64 years (3-82) were evaluated (92.4% male). Trauma mechanism was car-pedestrian in 308 (44%) of the cases and car-motorcycle in 175 (25%).610 (87.1%) cases were traffic accidents and 371 (53%) occurred in the time between 2 pm and 8 pm. Violation of speed limit was the most common violation with 570 (81.4%) cases, followed by violation of right-of-way in 57 (8.1%) patients.59.9% of the severe and critical injuries had occurred on road accidents, while 61.3% of the injuries caused by traffic accidents were mild to moderate (p<0.001). The most common mechanisms of trauma for critical injuries were rollover (72.5%), motorcycle-pedestrian (23.8%), and car-motorcycle (13.14%) accidents (p<0.001).Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the most important effective factors in severity of traffic accident-related traumas were age over 50, not using safety tools, and undertaking among host-related factors; insufficient environment safety, road accidents and time between 2 pm and 8 pm among environmental factors; and finally, rollover, car-pedestrian, and motorcycle-pedestrian accidents among the agent factors.

Background: Based on the Haddon Matrix, several factors such as environment, host, and agent can affect the severity of traffic-related injuries. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the severity of injuries due to traffic accidents using the Haddon Matrix. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all traffic accident victims (n=2015) referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia during 2015-2016 were selected by the census method. Demographic data of the patients and data regarding Haddon risk factors was collected and then analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression using the SPSS 18 software. Results: The mean age of the participants was 33. 63± 18. 53 years. Most of the victims of traffic accidents were male (age range, 17-30 years) with severe and critical injuries. The most common mechanisms of injury were car-pedestrian collisions (27. 9%), car overturning (31. 1%), and collisions between two cars (26. 3%). Violation of speed limit (73. 2%) and violation of right-of-way (17. 9%) were the most common moving violations. Additionally, the results of the multivariate analysis regarding vehicle safety devices showed that there was a significant relationship between the time and location of the accident and the severity of the injury (p<0. 001). Conclusion: The findings of this study reveal that many factors, including using vehicle safety tools and time and location of the accidents have been implicated in the severity of accident-related injuries. Hence, appropriate planning and training and national and international measures can be helpful in reducing injury severity.

In recent years, disaster management has been the focus of attention since disasters have been associated with huge destructions and consequences. Basically, disaster management techniques aim at the prevention and mitigation works as well as promotion of resilience. Haddon’ s Matrix was proposed as a conceptual model to understand the event and provide preventive measures in the field of injury prevention. This Matrix is a combination of epidemiological triangle, including host, agent, and environmental factors at three levels of prevention, including pre-event, event, and post-event. In spite of frequent application of Haddon’ s strategies in prevention of various injuries; hitherto, application of Haddon Matrix in disaster management has been rarely investigated. However, its potential capability for managing disasters calls for its further introduction which is the main focus of our study.

Background: The under-five mortality rate is one of the most important indicators of sustainable development, and accidents and injuries are the leading causes of child mortality. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting child mortality from road traffic accidents in Ardabil province, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study investigated all mortalities of children under 5 years from road traffic accidents and injuries that occurred in Ardabil within 2013 and 2021. Standard questionnaires of the Child Health Department of the Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education were used to collect data. Based on the Haddon Matrix, the data were classified into three groups, namely Pre-event, Event, and Post-event. P-charts were used in statistical process control to control the care process in the system and identify specific and general causes. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24). Results: A total of 64 mortalities occurred in the period under review. According to the Haddon Matrix analysis, environmental factors had the greatest impact in the Pre-event phase (41. 6%),nevertheless, human factors had the greatest impact in the Event phase (62%) and the Post-event phase (46. 8%). Conclusions: Given that road traffic accidents are the leading cause of accidents and unintentional injuries in Iran, with a rate of 38. 3%, it is necessary to enhance safety-related knowledge and skills, develop safe streets and roads, ensure child safety in cars, and promote safe vehicle use. As for the regulatory bodies, enforcing strict driving rules and regulations, providing necessary monitoring and control, and facilitating access to emergency centers should be the top priorities.

Background: Dental hygiene departments in Korean institutions of higher education regularly use radiography systems for educating students. Despite reports indicating that exposure doses from these radiation-generating devices are small, and thus, present low risks for causing physical harm or chromosomal abnormalities, the large numbers of people who participate in oral examinations involving dental radiography raise questions about the optimal methods for managing radiation safety. Materials and Methods: Social cognitive theory incorporating major variables pertaining to radiation safety management derived from the Haddon Matrix was used. This model proposes and refines an approach for enhancing the radiation safety behaviors of both professors and students in Korea’ s collegiate dental hygiene departments. Results: The results of the study indicate that professors respond most favorably to stated expectations for accomplishing effective radiation safety management; thus model proposes that enhancing safety behaviors among professors depends upon cultivating organizational environments with clear expectations. Students, in contrast, engage in desirable radiation safety management behaviors when they can display self-efficacy; thus, the model proposes that personal education that enhances their practical knowledge for engaging in desired behaviors is most desirable. Conclusion: To enhance the current radiation safety management behaviors of the collegiate dental hygiene departments in Korea, it will be helpful to establish a strategy arising from the model developed here.

The aim of the present study was the histological evaluation of Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) effectiveness for regeneration of periodontal defects. EMD activates cementum synthesis, PDL and bone during the maturation stage of follicole. In this research, EMD was used in surgical defects of premolar teeth in four adult sheep. Muccoperiosteal flap was reflected in buccal site of teeth. The buccal bone plate was removed from mesial to distal in 4 mm depth. After eliminating the cementum by bur and its etching, EMD was applied on exposed dentine and flap was sutured. In opposite sites of those teeth (control sites) the same process was performed without etching. After 100 days, sheep were sacrificed and histological study through light microscopic was performed on black sections of operation sites. The results showed that in test sites, regeneration of cementum and bone was 62/5% and 42/5-50% respectively. But in control sites regeneration of cementum and bone was 37.5% and 32/5-42/5% respectively. Also the migration of junctional epithelium in control sites was 8-10% more than test sites. The important point is that in test sites, cementum was completely attached to undermining dentine. But, in control sites, the gap between cementum and dentine was visible. As a result, this study suggests that EMD promotes periodontal regeneration, and EMD application is a successful achievement in regenerative periodontal therapy.

Different ossificant materials have been used used for induction of bone repair in many studies, and bone Matrix gelatin which contains bone morphogenic proteins one of the best ones.In present study we evaluated the role of this mat erial in acceleration of bone repair in rabbit tibia.A hole of 305mm diameter was made on right tibia of 10 and 12 rabbits as study and control group respectively, In the experiment group, in addittion to Bone Wax, we applied bone Matrix glatin in the hole. Radiographic images were taken in days 0, 20, 40 and 53 after operation In 6 rabbits of each group, photographic pictures were also taken after exposure of entire bone. In 6 controls less degree of restoration were seen on day 53. In 4 experimental animals restoration were completed by this time and in 2 speciments repair processing were better then controls. This results shows that bone Matrix gelatin can be used as an acclerator of bone repair.